Learning for Teaching

5. transmission H3 Organisms such as hepatitis B virus (HBV) that cause infections via sexual transmission can also cause infections via other routes, such as percutaneous transmission by contaminated needles and vertical transmission in utero or during delivery. As a typical STI, HBV infection is present in all types of populations. Sexual contact and vertical transmission from mother to infant are responsible for the large majority of HBV infections worldwide [4]. HBV infection as an STI is well documented. It is mainly common among men who have sex with men (MSM), because multiple partners are common in this population; and anal sex is usually more traumatic than vaginal intercourse, resulting in increased risk of exposure to blood. HBV infection is also extremely common among heterosexual individuals who have multiple sex partners or contact with sex workers [6]. HBV transmission has been found to occur through various forms of human contact, including vertica...

4. classification similar with Spumaviridae Family Hepadnaviridae why- small size viral genome - novel arrangement of ORF - unique replication strategy 2 genera Avihepadnavirus DHBV HHBV Orthohepadnavirus HBV A-H & I? & J? WHV GSHV WMHV

3. Life cycle Process EntryH1 the 75aa at the N-terminal portion of the PreS1 domain of L-HBsAg are required residues responsible for binding to the viral receptor.[104] In addition, it was shown that N-myristylation of the PreS1 domain is required for infectivity, but not HBV virion assembly.[105] In fact, a myristylated peptide consisting of only the first 47 aa of the preS1 domain is able to bind to hNTCP and inhibit the binding of HBV. H11 HBV gains entry into hepatocytes initially through a low-affinity interaction between heparan sulfate proteoglycans on the hepatocytes involving the antigenic loop (“a” determinant or antibody neutralization domain) of the HBV envelope proteins6,7 and then a high-affinity interaction of the myristoylated pre-S1 domain with the liver-specific receptor sodium/taurocholate cotransporter (NTCP).8 NTCP is exclusively expressed on the basolateral/sinusoidal membrane of hepatocytes. Its natural function is to transport conjugated bile salts (e.g., ta...

HBV has been classified into at least 9 genotypes (A through H and J) and has been shown to have a distinct geographical distribution (H12). MM 1 MM2 picture Dane particle (H1) Link:  https://www.dropbox.com/s/01ictzaayyg7kkp/Dane%20particle.jpeg?dl=0 Real virus (H2)Link:  https://www.dropbox.com/s/y1q07anlmkm1cnw/Real%20virus.jpeg?dl=0 Genome (H1) General schematic genome (H1) Link:  https://www.dropbox.com/s/q8f3olheczjwvqg/schematic%20gene.jpeg?dl=0 HBV has a small (3.2 kb), partially double-stranded, relaxed-circular DNA genome that encodes four overlapping ORFs . The largest ORF encodes the viral polymerase, which also has reverse transcriptase (RT) activity that generates the first strand of the DNA genome from an RNA intermediate. The second largest ORF encodes the three viral envelope proteins: large (L-), middle (M-), and small (S-) surface antigen (HBsAg). Another ORF encodes precore, also referred to as HBV E antigen (HBeAg), and ...

15 Pergi melakukan sesuatu Ni iku Atsui kara, oyogi ni ikimashou okaasan wa niku o kai ni ikimashita 16 Sebelum Verb dict + mae ni Noun + no + mae ni Shiken no mae ni, isshoukenmei benkyou shinakucha ikenai Nihon ni iku mae ni, nihongo wo benkyou shimashita 17 After doing Verb te form + kara Kinou shukudai o shite kara, dorama wo mimashita suupaa ni ittekara, ryouri shimasu 18 A lebih ........ daripada B B yoru A no houga ... Noun 1 + yori + Noun 2 + no + hou ga + adj V-phrase 1 + yori + V-phrase 2 + hou ga + adj I-adj 1 + yori + I-adj 2 + hou ga + adj na-adj 1 + yori + na-adj 2 + hou ga + adj 19 Lebih baik tidak melakukn Verb-nai form + ho ga ii Nenai houga ii yo Kare wo okorasenai hou gai ii 20 May not Verb te form + wa + ikenai kodomo wa biiru wo nonde wa ikenai toire de tabako o sutte wa ikenai

8 Must be Hazu sono kaban wa, takai hazu desu anata wa, gojira wo shitteiru hazu desu 9 Should do V- dictionary + beki/subeki yakusoku wa mamoru beki da gakusei wa motto benkyoo subeki da 10 Karena hal ini, .... Verb + node i- adj + node Noun + na + node na-adj + na + node Kono terebi wa furui no de, yoku koshou shimasu yuube nomisugita node, atama ga zukizuki desu kiken na node, sono kikai ni sawatte wa ikemasen 11 Jangan lakukan Verb dictionary + na Boku no musuko o ijimeru na Ippo demo chikayoru na 12 Tapi Clause, V-plain, adj plain + kedo/keredemo Haittemo ii kedo, shizuka ni shite kudasai asobitai kedo, shukudai wa mada owattenai 13 At least Noun + gurai jibun no fuku gurai jibun de aratte yo 14 bad at = no ga heta Verb-dict + no ga heta good at = no ga jouzu Verb-dict + no ga jouzu watashi wa kanji wo oboeru no ga heta desu utau n...